Maximum path loss = transmit power – receiver sensitivity + gains – losses – fade marginįade margin is an allowance a system designer includes to account for unknown variables. Thus, the equation for distance calculations becomes: Manufacturers will sometimes include a fade margin into their calculation to provide for such environmental conditions. In fairness to the manufacturer, it’s impossible to know all the environments where a radio may be used, so it’s impossible to calculate the specific range one might achieve. When publishing range numbers, however, manufacturers often ignore obstacles and state only a line-of-sight (LOS) or ideal path range number. There are many formulas for quantifying these obstacles. These multiple waves reach the receiver at different times and destructively (and sometimes constructively) interfere with themselves.
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